Proficiency in two modern scholarly languages, normally French and German, must be shown, one before the end of the first year, the other before the beginning of the third; this may be done by passing an examination administered by the department, by accreditation from a Yale Summer School course designed for this purpose, or by a grade of A or B in one of Yale’s intermediate language courses. Mastery of the languages where needed in certain fields of study (e.g., Chinese, Hebrew, Greek, Japanese) is an additional requirement. For further description of policy and procedure, see the departmental brochure.